Jumat, 27 Desember 2013

Filled Under:

Aleksander Agung (8-Habis)

10. Historiografi

Naskah-naskah kuno yang ditulis oleh orang-orang yang mengenal langsung Aleksander atau yang mengumpulkan informasi dari orang-orang yang bertugas pada Aleksander banyak yang hilang kecuali sedikit inskripsi serta fragmen yang bertahan.[14] Orang-orang sezaman Aleksander yang menulis tentangnya di antaranya adalah sejarawan pribadinya Kallisthenes; jenderal Aleksander Ptolemaios dan Nearkhos; Aristobulos, seorang perwira muda yang ikut dalam kampaye militer Aleksander; dan Onesikritos, ketua juru mudi Aleksander. Karya-karya yang ditulis oleh mereka telah hilang, namun karya-karya yang didasarkan para karya-karya asli itu ada yang bertahan. Lima naskah utama yang masih ada antara lain naskah yang ditulis oleh Arrianus, Curtius, Plutarch, Diodoros, dan Yustinus.[226]

11. Aleksander Agung dan Dzul Qarnain

Dunia pada saat kematian Aleksander, menunjukkan kemaharajaannya dalam konteks geopolitik yang lebih besar

Aleksander Agung adalah salah satu tokoh yang dianggap sebagai Dzul Qarnain yang dapat ditemukan pula pada kitab suci Al Qur'an, Surah Al Kahfi 83-101. Dikisahkan bahwa dialah yang mengurung bangsa Ya’juj dan Ma’juj (Gog dan Magog) - yang menurut hadist shahih, bangsa tersebut akan keluar di akhir zaman. Riwayat ini bemula dari saat ia akan menaklukkan suatu daerah, penduduk daerah tersebut tanpa disangka bersedia mengikutinya. Asalkan bangsa Yajuj dan Majuj dikurung. Maka Dzul Qarnain mengurung kedua bangsa tersebut. Maka para penduduk pun bersedia ditaklukkan dengan suka cita.

Anggapan tersebut datang dari kisah Roman Aleksander yang sudah ada sebelum Islam. Beberapa allamah Muslim menolak anggapan Aleksander Agung adalah Dzul Qarnain, sebab Aleksander Agung bukanlah monoteis, sedangkan Dzul-Qarnain adalah penyembah Allah dan hanya seorang penguasa, yang hidup pada masa Nabi Ibrahim. Pendapat ini diriwayatkan oleh Al-Fakihi dari ‘Ubaid bin ‘Umair, ‘Atha` dari Ibnu ‘Abbas, ‘Utsman bin Saj, Ibnu Hisyam dan Ibnu Abi Hatim juga meriwayatkan dari jalan Ali bin Ahmad. Kemudian Al-Fakhrurrazi dalam tafsirnya menyatakan bahwa Dzul Qarnain adalah seorang nabi, sedangkan Aleksander memiliki guru yang bernama Aristoteles dan memerintah negerinya atas perintah Aristoteles.[227]

12. Silsilah

                                                                             -----------   4. Amyntas III dari Makedonia
                                                                            I                                                                ------------------- 20. Anhabaios
                                                                            I                                                                I
                               ----------------  2. Filipus II dari Makedonia                        --------- 10?
                              I                                             I                                                 I
                              I                                              --------------- 5. Eurydike I dari Makedonia                                     
          1. Aleksander Agung                                                    
                              I                     
                              I                                                                                                      ----------- 24. Thanthypas
                              I                                                                                                     I
                              I                                                                      ----------- 12. Alketos I dari Epiros
                              I                                                                      I
                              I                                ------------ 6. Neoptolemos I dari Epiros
                              I                                I
                              ----------------- 3. Olympias

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Catatan kaki

^ i: Pada saat kematiannya, Aleksander telah menaklukkan seluruh Kekaisaran Persia, memasukkannya ke dalam wilayah kekuasaan Makedonia; menurut beberapa sejarawan modern, wilayah tersebut adalah sebagian besar dunia yang dikenal oleh orang Yunani kuno (Ekumene).[228][229] Perkiraan dunia yang dikenal oleh Aleksander dapat dilihat dalam peta Hekataios dari Miletos, lihat Peta dunia Hekataios.
^ ii: Hannibal berpendapat bahwa Aleksander adalah jenderal terhebat;[230] Julius Caesar menangis di depan patung Aleksander, karena di usia yang sama pencapaian Caesar sangat kecil dibandingkan Aleksander;[220] Pompeius menganggap dirinya sebagai 'Aleksander yang Baru';[231] semasa muda, Napoleon Bonaparte juga membandingkan diri dengan Aleksander.[232]
^ iii: Nama Αλέξανδρος berasal dari kata kerja "ἀλέξω" (alexō), "menangkis, mencegah, membela"[233] dan kata benda "ἀνδρός" (andros), genitif dari "ἀνήρ" (anēr), "orang-orang"[234] sehingga bermakna "pelindung orang-orang."[235]
^ iv: "Pada awal abad ke-5 SM, keluarga kerajaan Makedonia, Temenidae, merupakan panitia Olimpiade. Keputusan mereka mutlak. Para rajanya menganggap diri mereka adalah keturunan Herakles, putra Zeus."[236]
^ v: "Para AIAKID adalah keturunan Aiakos, putra Zeus dan nimfa Aigina. Putra Aiakos adalah Peleus, ayah Akhilles. Yang termasuk Aiakid antara lain Pyrrhos dan Aleksander."[237]
^ vi: Ada banyak kecurigaan bahwa Pausanias sebenarnya dibayar untuk membunuh Filipus. Yang dicurigai membayar Pausanias antara lain Aleksander, Olympias, dan bahkan kasiar Darius III. Ketiga orang itu punya motif untuk membunuh Filipus.[238]

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